[6] Yvonne died on her 36th birthday from pneumonia, after which Calment raised Frédéric herself. Her parents married at the age of 23 years. Based on these data, the survival of JC to 122 years is possible. And she’s reigned so long that most of her Governors-General and Prime Ministers were born after she became Queen. In the case of JC, we located both the civil birth record and the baptism record and they exactly corresponded with one another. In fact, it is difficult to assess if mortality rates keep increasing with age or tend towards some mortality plateau. On 3 March 1950, Frédéric Jean Paul Billot, born in Arles on 23 December 1926 marries Renée Yvonne Taque, born on 20 January 1926.On 13 August 1963, Jeanne Calment's grandson Frédéric Billot dies,I don't know if Calment's granddaughter-in-law is still alive. For example, a case would not be valid if a mother appeared to have a child before the age of 10 or if one sibling was 60 years older than another. All computations were performed with the Stata software release 15.1. The two oldest siblings, Antoine and Marie died in infancy. )  She lived for an impressive 122 years, 164 days. According to the 1954 and 1962 censuses, Madame Calment lived together with her son-in-law colonel Joseph Billot, and Frédéric lived with his wife Renée in a nearby apartment. ☺️ The World's Largest Supercentenarian Forum, "Their only child, a daughter named Yvonne Marie Nicolle Calment (19 January 1898 – 19 January 1934), produced a grandson, Frédéric Billiot, on 23 December 1926. Therefore, we only focused on the main arguments concerning the motive and the practicability of the identity fraud. It WILL be a shock when she passes! Her brother François died in 1962, aged 97. Maximum Age Reached According to 12 Simulations Sets with Varying Sample Size and Resampling. Interestingly, it is absent from later photos, indicating that it was removed. Based on the true story of Jeremy Camp. I may look into it. Jeanne Calment claim as the record-holder for longevity for the human species, at the 122 years and 165 days, remains valid. His wealth made it possible for Calment to never have to work; instead she led a relaxed lifestyle, pursuing hobbies like tennis, cyc… You mean 1920s. and J.M.R. In the discussion of that article, the gathered evidence was summarized as: …seven direct civil status documents (i) bear witness to the identity of Jeanne Louise Calment from her birth date to her death. The death notice of YB has been sent on behalf of 34 people and their children, the staff of the House Calment and 13 different families (see SOM C for the notice). Oops! Familial reconstitution is a critical part of the validation process, in which one determines that all the relative’s ages make reproductive sense (13–16). A similar fibroma can be seen in one of the photos of the old Calment. 1 Birth 2 Photos 3 Profession 4 Marriage 5 Death Frédéric Calment (a.k.a. Zak is negligent in not noting that Nicolas Calment (NC) had given all his property to his children on March 15, 1926 in exchange for an annual life annuity of 5,000 francs that his children had to pay him until his death. Zak’s interest in the sociodemographic aspects of the JC age claim began with his contention that JC’s ability to survive to age 122+ years is mathematically impossible. Links to copies of these censuses are provided in the Supplementary Material (SOM, A1). Recently the claim that families Calment and Billot organized a conspiracy concerning tax fraud based on identity fraud between mother and daughter gained international media attention. First, time and space limitations to answer in this journal to the dozens of arguments challenging the reported age of JC gathered by Zak and Novoselov. https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/74/Supplement_1/S13/5569844. If Yvonne removed it more than once, that could explain its slightly different locations inFigure 3A and Band also the fact that the fibroma appears smaller in the older woman, even though fibromas grow over time.” None of the photos of the young YB (see SOM D) and the many photos of JC taken after 1936 (see SOM D) shows a fibroma. Though a few researchers have been skeptical based on statistical arguments, most researchers in the field have been convinced by the thorough documentation and validation carried out and published by French researchers, Michel Allard (MA) and Jean-Marie Robine (JMR) with the help of her Doctor Victor Lèbre (1–6). Here Yvonne sits near her future sister in law, Antoinette Billot. Their daughter, Yvonne, had only one son, Frédéric Billot, whom Mrs. Calment raised after Yvonne died of pneumonia at age 36. Interesting research. We thank our more regular collaborators, Caroline Bisson genealogist in Marseille, Laurent Toussaint, a passionate researcher on the supercentenarians and centenarians of ancient times, and Cyril Depoudent, French correspondent of the Gerontological Research Group (GRG), who helped us to collect and read these new documents. Imagine even being born in the 1020’s all that she has seen and experienced. This second motive seems also to have no basis as it is not reported in the declaration of assets that JC made in 1946 on the occasion of the national solidarity tax in application of the Ordinance of August 15, 1945 (see SOM B). Since she died at the age of 122 in 1997, Jeanne Calment (JC) has been recognized as the record-holder for longevity of the human species. The Logistic and Gompertz models yield similar results, with the Logistic 1903 outperforming the others by a small margin. Jeanne Louise Calment (1875-1997) is widely considered the oldest person in history – at least, the oldest verified by Guinness’ World Records’ stringent standards.  (There appear to be others who are/were older, but there usually isn’t enough documentation to absolutely prove it. Individual observations and statistical indicator of Maximum Life Span (MLS): Maximum Reported Age at Death (MRAD) and Highest Age Providing at Least 30 deaths (HAPaL_30), females, France, 1818–2016. Photos of both JC and Sarah Knauss, who died at the age of 119 years in 1999, are examples of how supercentenarians have a history of aging so remarkably slowly. Nabi Tajima (1900-) is the current WOP, oldest Asian ever and the last person from the 19th century. This is even more so the case when a claim would establish a new record for the world’s ever-oldest person. It is with regret that he leaves the army, but his interests and the health of his wife oblige him to go to live in the South, near Arles.” (see SOM C). Such a result is compatible with previous estimations (23,24) including a first estimation proposed by Väinö Kannisto and Roger Thatcher (unpublished in 1993, available on request). It’s set in the 1960s, in a world where the Nazis & Japs won World War II. Judge for yourself. His own father, Captain Joseph Billot, the husband of Yvonne, would have had to be complicit with the ruse. In these circumstances, unless we accept the idea of the complicity of dozens of people, a substitution between the bodies of JC and YB was virtually impossible. The open dots correspond to the one used to compute the models. Empirically though, the only way to assess that it is an accurate observation is to examine the evidence supporting and challenging the age claim. The statements and opinions expressed herein by the authors are for information, debate, and discussion, and do not necessarily represent official policies of AARP. At the end of this conversation, JC turned to Victor Lèbre, her doctor, saying, “When they put me in the coffin, put the photo of my grandson at my right, and the one of my daughter at my left, and they will be buried with me. Delft armes de Frédéric Ier de prusse.jpg 2,173 × 2,244; 2.11 MB Familieportret van Karel Emil van Brandenburg, Amalia, gravin van Nassau-Dietz, Willem III, prins van Oranje, Hendrik Casimir II, graaf van Nassau-Dietz, en Frederik I, koning van Pruisen, RP-P-OB-106.214.jpg 4,512 × 3,312; 1.07 MB We thank Rémi Venture, director of the Arles library (Médiathèque) and Aurélie Samson, acting director of the Arlaten museum for their help and advice, as well as Les Amis du Vieil Arles (AVA) and Bernadette Murphy. In their book about her (1), MA and JMR had included a photo of JC and her daughter Yvonne with the following caption in French “Quelle est l’une, quelle est l’autre?”, meaning “Who is who?” The purpose of the photo was to show just how young JC appeared for her age and thus how slowly she was aging. However, in 1995 when BJ, VK, and JWV were working in the archives of Arles, they focused on any possible confusion of birth records among family members particularly between siblings, but also JC and YB. BJ, VK, and JWV were more looking for an identity switch with a younger sister than one between mother and daughter. Her brother, Francois, had married and had a daughter, who died at the age of 21. Jacques Bilodeau, born in 1636, son of Pierre and Jeanne, settled in Canada in the 17th century. How was it possible that a paper so full of unsubstantiated assertions could survive a responsible peer review and subsequently be published in Rejuvenation Research? [10] Frédéric became a doctor, and lived with her until his premature death at age 36 in an automobile accident on 13 August 1963. Simulations set 1: starting with a sample of 10 centenarians, we applied at each age the mortality risk of the logistic and Gompertz functions with a pseudo-random number generator determining the death or living status of each virtual centenarian until the extinction of the whole sample. In 1960, Frédéric Billot died, also at … I watched the first few episodes & thoroughly enjoyed them, but stopped after the Prince Andrew scandal renewed. Also, such a substitution would have led to an incestuous family configuration. Frédéric-Florentin Billot, who was born in Auxonne in 1805 and who died in 1868, was a publicist. 33 Jeanne was an unusual mother-in-law; she got along perfectly with Joseph, with whom they previously co-raised Frédéric. Cool. All of the birthdates made sense. The inheritance tax for the farm in Saint Martin de Crau could amount to hundreds of thousands of dollars in modern money. The Queen is well on her way. Frédéric Billot lived next door with his wife Renée. Frédéric Chopin was composing complex musical pieces at age 7. Thus, we chose HAPaL_30 to assess the limits of longevity without its extreme fluctuations. Finally, we would like to thank Dr. George Garoyan and Dr. Catherine Levraud for the time spent remembering JC’s health status in the 1990s. Considering that the world has experienced somewhere between 8 and 10 million centenarians since at least the 1700s, then a person age 122 years by around the late 1900s is reasonable. Your email address will not be published. Our mathematical models show that a person achieving the age of 122 years by the late 1990’s would be possible. A blog for history, genealogy, research, and whatever else is on my mind! Imagine living that long. Zak also points out that when Yvonne passed away—according to official records—she left behind her 42-year-old husband, Joseph Charles Frédéric Billot, and a son. Thus, in silico, JC’s age can be reached and even exceeded, even though the probability remains very low. These studio pictures are of Freddy at around 3 years old in 1930. Yes 1920’s. I'm a young Aussie adult who loves movies, genealogy, history, research, and more! The exponential function diverging too quickly was not used here. To support the hypothesis of an identity switch one must have a motive justifying such a fraud, and then show that such a substitution was practically possible. The new documents consulted since Zak’s story are consistent with the fact that Yvonne was sick, presumably suffering from tuberculosis, a major cause of death at the time (20). Second, legal limitations as the most recent financial transactions concerning JC will not be publicly available before 2067, 70 years after her death. In their study of people living to supercentenarians, New England Centenarian Study (NECS) investigators noted that the morbidity and disability profiles of these individuals support James Fries compression of morbidity hypothesis (17,18). According to the 1954 and 1962 censuses, Madame Calment lived together with her son-in-law colonel Joseph Billot, and Frédéric lived with his wife Renée in a nearby apartment. François Calment died in Arles on December 1st, 1962, at 97 years of age. Thus, here we also refute his mathematical argument. This website uses cookies for functionality, analytics and advertising purposes as described in our, http://www.demogr.mpg.de/books/drm/007/3-4.pdf, https://www.demogr.mpg.de/books/odense/6/09a.htm, http://www.lejsl.com/saone-et-loire/201 ... -a-100-ans. As for a motive for why the Calment and Billot families would conspire to commit fraud, Zak wrote, “Perhaps the Calment family suffered from taxation after the death of Maria Felix (widow of the founder of the store, Jacques Calment) and especially after the death of Jeannes father Nicolas Calment, the owner of land and real estate in the surrounding villages in 1931. Indeed, about 50% of current centenarians have a history of an ancestor living into their nineties or older, but the other half do not, and in the case of supercentenarians (those ages 110+ years), the frequency appears to be even less (Thomas Perls, personal communication). Based on the evidence that we bring in this paper, we call for a retraction of Zak’s article. Frédéric Billot, the son of YB, was 7 years old when his mother died in 1934 and Fernand Calment, the husband of JC was still alive for several years beyond Yvonne’s death. Figure 3 displays the changes over time in the number of deaths recorded at aged 100 years and older for both males and females. During the 3 years, from 1993 to 1995, JMR and MA regularly visited and interviewed JC and despite few small inconsistencies not once did these conversations produce a suspicion of fraud and especially not a possibility of an identity switch between mother and daughter. coordinated the mathematical part. When Polish composer Frederic Chopin died in 1849 he seemed to have suffered a classic Romantic death from tuberculosis. Since 1946, the census was carried out irregularly in 1954, 1962, 1968, 1975, 1982, and 1990. The simulations were run 500,000 times to determine the maximum age that could be reached and the probability of reaching it with its binomial exact 95% confidence interval. The first step to validate her age claim was to look up her birth record. It will be sad when they both pass. She had a powerful personality, simple, direct and self-reliant. View all posts by jmshistorycorner. Just looking at the initial photo I feel so sorry for her! Mystery of how Chopin died is finally solved: Polish composer's pickled heart reveals he had a rare tuberculosis complication. Nicklas Backstrom recorded his 700th career assist, setting up Jakub Vrana to spoil the shutout bid with six minutes left in the game. Indeed, JC had a Total Immediate Ancestral Longevity (TIAL) of 477 compared with 289 for the sum of the ages at death of the six immediate controls of the reference family (6). It’ll be almost as big a shock when he dies. On 3 March 1950, Frédéric Jean Paul Billot, born in Arles on 23 December 1926 marries Renée Yvonne Taque, born on 20 January 1926.On 13 August 1963, Jeanne Calment's grandson Frédéric Billot dies,I don't know if Calment's granddaughter-in-law is still alive. Debunking American Election Myths, Part 5: More Votes than Voters? Therefore, according to Zak, YB took the place of her mother and therefore Fernand and Yvonne would have had to act as if they were married. Nonetheless, Novoselov approached Zak to analyze available mortality data to determine whether mathematically, JC was an impossible outlier (10). Prince Philip turns 99 in 3 months, and is starting to catch up on his mother-in-law. Toussaint-Marie-René Billotte, who was born in Tarbes in 1846 and who died in 1914, was a renowned painter. After a summary of the steps taken to validate JC’s age in the 1990s, we specifically address Zak’s contention with new facts of the case. Her parents had got married on October 16th, 1861. The cases of Violet Brown and Nabi Tajima have not yet been thoroughly validated. Toussaint-Marie-René Billotte, who was born in Tarbes in 1846 and who died in 1914, was a renowned painter. From 1801 to 1946, the census was conducted every 5 years except for 1916 and 1941 because of the wars. Indeed, we did not learn about this move during our interviews with JC, but we have since determined that the move was only 150 m away in the same neighborhood in 1884 or 1885 when JC was 9 or 10 (not 13) years old (see SOM B). He referred to the surprise of the Mayor, who made it a habit to visit centenarians on their birthdays, that at age 100 years, JC appeared so spry. The plain dots correspond to ages above (HAPaL_30), those with less than 30 deaths occurrence and excluded from the models. Zak himself negates this notion in his preprint stating that “Jeanne Louise Calment had been alive for 12 years and 164 days after her 110th anniversary and was under close (and with growing age) scrutiny from the general public and scientific community” (12). Since the 16th century and the French Revolution and in the case of Catholics, there are usually two birth registrations, one civil and one religious. Zak never mentioned the existence of well-validated extreme cases of longevity. Your email address will not be published. The zoomed in view on the right panel shows that the number of centenarians decreased during the initial period, from 1816 to 1880, probably due to the improvement in the quality of the statistics and then remains stable during a second period, from 1880 to the end of the WWII. They are mostly women. According to Zak, another motive could be an annuity contract presumably signed before 1934 and still in operation at the time of her death in 1997 (12). Therefore, according to Zak, YB took the place of her mother and therefore Fernand and Yvonne would have had to act as if they were married. Masterfully researched. I haven’t watch it. Photo of Yvonne in 1931, staying in Leysin, likely at one of its numerous sanatoriums for treatment of tuberculosis. Leysin was home to a number of sanatoriums for the treatment of tuberculosis, and a famous one in particular, the Sanatorium Universitaire (19). Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. Since she died at the age of 122 in 1997, Jeanne Calment (JC) has been recognized as the record-holder for longevity of the human species. Initial studies argued for an exponential increase in the mortality rate at older age but then a deceleration at extreme ages. Beginning with her birth documents and the information she provided, we constructed a family pedigree that included JC’s parents, siblings, and descendants. The 122-year lifetime of JC is not only quite far from the value of HAPaL_30 which reached 106 years in 1997 when JC died but also from the values of the MRAD in the neighboring years, that is, 112 years. Actually, such spryness is exactly what one would expect from a 100-year-old destined to live another 22 years, to the age of 122 years. The material gathered in favor of its accuracy far outweigh Zak’s hypothesis of identity fraud. Zak also believed that JC’s apparent absence from the 1931 census was supportive of his accusation of identity fraud.
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